AdviceIT

Training data

ILS-Bench: the data behind the advisors

Both advisors are trained on ILS-Bench, published by Marco Bonelli (Ca' Foscari University of Venice) on Mendeley Data, DOI 10.17632/w48mh2dtg5.1, licence CC BY 4.0: 400 AI-assisted synthetic investor narratives, no real client data, each reviewed by a panel of four independent financial-domain experts (a retired portfolio manager, a senior trader, a FinTech executive and a FinTech academic). The panel's consensus labels for risk tolerance, risk capacity, liquidity need and the recommended outcome are what the advisors learn from.

Citation: Bonelli, M. (2026). ILS-Bench: Investor Language-to-Suitability Benchmark. Mendeley Data, V1.

The 400 cases in numbers

400 cases, 188 sent to human review (47 percent), 37 distinct label combinations. The dataset author's own draft label equals the consensus in 88.3 percent of cases.

Recommended outcome (consensus)

Capital preservation33 (8.3%)
Conservative73 (18.3%)
Balanced48 (12%)
Growth36 (9%)
Aggressive growth22 (5.5%)
Human review188 (47%)

Risk tolerance

Low111 (27.8%)
Moderate100 (25%)
High54 (13.5%)
Inconsistent135 (33.8%)

Risk capacity

Low157 (39.3%)
Moderate135 (33.8%)
High108 (27%)

Liquidity need

Low96 (24%)
Moderate84 (21%)
High130 (32.5%)
Urgent90 (22.5%)
The two advisors, trained by the same script
MeasureAI advisorInterpretable rule-based
Cross-validated accuracy (5-fold, 3 repeats)88.8 percent (sd 3.2 percent)87.7 percent (sd 2.8 percent)
Cross-validated macro-F10.83620.8183
Calibration (temperature scaling)t 1.59, ECE 0.0618 to 0.0224t 0.75, ECE 0.0467 to 0.0187
Training accuracy, reproduced in the browser94 percent92.3 percent
Architecture12 inputs, two hidden layers of 16, 6 outputsone linear layer, every weight readable

Reference points from the same file (context, not advisors): always guessing the most common outcome 47 percent, memorising the most common outcome per label combination (a lookup table, not the interpretable advisor: the advisor is a fitted scorecard with readable weights and calibrated probabilities) 88.7 percent, the author's draft labels 88.3 percent. Both advisors are trained by the seeded numpy script in the repository, and the browser inference reproduces the Python training accuracy exactly.

The language-reading step (a small in-browser model reading the narratives) was benchmarked separately in three iterations, from 25 to 70 percent outcome agreement with the panel on 100 cases against a 94 percent ceiling, with 54 of 59 human-review cases correctly escalated in the final run. The CSVs are in the repository.

Browse the cases

All 400 cases. Each row shows the expert consensus. The narratives are the dataset itself and stay in English.

ILS-001 tolerance Inconsistent · capacity Low · liquidity Urgent

Human review

I am 64 and I am describing my investment situation for an automated advisory service. I am trying to grow funds for a future home purchase. I have several fixed expenses and only a small emergency reserve, and this money may be needed for rent and family expenses very soon. I want the most aggressive portfolio available because I need high returns quickly. A major loss would create serious stress for my household. I need advice because my desire for high return may not match my ability to absorb losses.

Open the AI advisor to try it

ILS-002 tolerance High · capacity Low · liquidity Moderate

Human review

I am 55 and I am describing my investment situation for an automated advisory service. I hope to grow capital that could later support a business idea. My income is irregular and my emergency fund is small. I want some flexibility in case a family expense appears within the next four years. I think recent gains prove I should take more risk now. I am asking for a recommendation, but I may be putting too much weight on recent market excitement.

Open the AI advisor to try it

ILS-003 tolerance Inconsistent · capacity Low · liquidity Urgent

Human review

I am 60 and I am describing my investment situation for an automated advisory service. I am trying to grow funds for a future home purchase. I still carry high-interest debt and have limited savings, and I need access to cash this year for medical expenses. I would like to take a lot of risk so the account can grow fast. At the same time, I cannot tolerate losing much of this money. I need advice because my desire for high return may not match my ability to absorb losses.

Open the AI advisor to try it

ILS-004 tolerance Inconsistent · capacity Low · liquidity Urgent

Human review

I am 51 and I am describing my investment situation for an automated advisory service. My goal is to grow my savings quickly. My income is irregular and my emergency fund is small, and I may need to withdraw most of this account within the next nine months. I feel behind financially and want the portfolio to recover the gap as quickly as possible. A major loss would create serious stress for my household. I need advice because my desire for high return may not match my ability to absorb losses.

Open the AI advisor to try it

ILS-005 tolerance Moderate · capacity High · liquidity Low

Growth

I am 68 and would like investment advice that reflects my goals and constraints. I am investing mainly for retirement more than fifteen years away. I have a secure full-time job, and I have no high-interest debt and a separate emergency fund. I can leave the funds invested for a long period. I can accept some ups and downs but not extreme losses, and I would prefer a recommendation that emphasizes long-term growth while still remaining diversified.

Open the AI advisor to try it

ILS-006 tolerance Low · capacity Low · liquidity High

Human review

I am 31 and would like investment advice that reflects my goals and constraints. The main goal is a home down payment. I want to keep access to the funds because a major expense is likely soon. My income is irregular and my emergency fund is small. I get anxious during market declines. I still want the money to earn something, but I cannot risk losing funds that may be needed soon.

Open the AI advisor to try it

ILS-007 tolerance Moderate · capacity High · liquidity Low

Growth

My situation is as follows: I am 28 and I want a portfolio recommendation based on my circumstances. I am saving for retirement and do not expect withdrawals for many years. My income is predictable, and this investment account is separate from my living expenses. This money is for long-term goals and I can leave it invested through market cycles. I can tolerate normal market fluctuations, and I would prefer a recommendation that emphasizes long-term growth while still remaining diversified.

Open the AI advisor to try it

ILS-008 tolerance Inconsistent · capacity Moderate · liquidity Urgent

Human review

As a 46-year-old retail investor, I want the system to understand my situation before recommending a portfolio. I have two goals at the same time: medical costs soon and retirement later. I need access to cash this year for medical expenses. I have some family expenses, but also a modest emergency fund. I can tolerate normal market fluctuations, but I am unsure whether one portfolio can serve both the short-term and long-term goals.

Open the AI advisor to try it

ILS-009 tolerance Moderate · capacity Moderate · liquidity Low

Balanced

As a 31-year-old retail investor, I want the system to understand my situation before recommending a portfolio. I want general wealth growth but do not want a very aggressive strategy. I have a secure full-time job, although I have a stable job, but my cash buffer is only moderate. I have no planned withdrawals from this account in the near future. I prefer a balanced approach rather than the highest possible return, so I would prefer a portfolio that balances growth and stability.

Open the AI advisor to try it

ILS-010 tolerance High · capacity High · liquidity Low

Aggressive growth

I am 55 and would like investment advice that reflects my goals and constraints. This account is for retirement rather than short-term spending. My income is predictable, and I have a strong cash buffer and no major short-term debts. I will not need this account for everyday expenses. I am comfortable with large short-term swings, and I would prefer a recommendation that emphasizes long-term growth while still remaining diversified.

Open the AI advisor to try it

ILS-011 tolerance Low · capacity Low · liquidity Urgent

Human review

My situation is as follows: I am 31 and I want a portfolio recommendation based on my circumstances. The main goal is a business deposit. I have a tax payment due soon and may need to use these funds. I have several fixed expenses and only a small emergency reserve. I do not sleep well when investments lose value. I still want the money to earn something, but I cannot risk losing funds that may be needed soon.

Open the AI advisor to try it

ILS-012 tolerance Low · capacity Low · liquidity Urgent

Human review

As a 60-year-old retail investor, I want the system to understand my situation before recommending a portfolio. I am dealing with a medical issue that could create large bills. I recently changed jobs and do not have much cash set aside, and I may need to withdraw most of this account within the next nine months. I am afraid of making a mistake because the money is important for my family. I should probably not rely only on an automated recommendation unless the case is reviewed carefully.

Open the AI advisor to try it

ILS-013 tolerance Low · capacity Low · liquidity Urgent

Human review

I am 38 and would like investment advice that reflects my goals and constraints. I support family members and my income can change month to month. My income is irregular and my emergency fund is small, and I need access to cash this year for medical expenses. I get anxious during market declines. I should probably not rely only on an automated recommendation unless the case is reviewed carefully.

Open the AI advisor to try it

ILS-014 tolerance High · capacity High · liquidity Low

Aggressive growth

As a 31-year-old retail investor, I want the system to understand my situation before recommending a portfolio. This account is for retirement rather than short-term spending. I have a secure full-time job, and this investment account is separate from my living expenses. I will not need this account for everyday expenses. I do not panic when markets move sharply, and I would prefer a recommendation that emphasizes long-term growth while still remaining diversified.

Open the AI advisor to try it

ILS-015 tolerance Inconsistent · capacity Moderate · liquidity Moderate

Conservative

My situation is as follows: I am 51 and I want a portfolio recommendation based on my circumstances. My main goal is saving for education expenses. I have a stable job, but my cash buffer is only moderate. I could withdraw a small portion in the medium term. I became frightened by volatility and stopped investing for a while. I want a portfolio that helps me avoid another emotional mistake.

Open the AI advisor to try it

ILS-016 tolerance Low · capacity Low · liquidity Urgent

Human review

As a 68-year-old retail investor, I want the system to understand my situation before recommending a portfolio. I am dealing with a medical issue that could create large bills. My income is irregular and my emergency fund is small, and I have a tax payment due soon and may need to use these funds. I would rather earn less than see big swings. I should probably not rely only on an automated recommendation unless the case is reviewed carefully.

Open the AI advisor to try it

ILS-017 tolerance Inconsistent · capacity Low · liquidity Urgent

Human review

I am 55 and would like investment advice that reflects my goals and constraints. I have two goals at the same time: tuition soon and retirement later. I may need to withdraw most of this account within the next nine months. I have several fixed expenses and only a small emergency reserve. I am comfortable with large short-term swings, but I am unsure whether one portfolio can serve both the short-term and long-term goals.

Open the AI advisor to try it

ILS-018 tolerance Low · capacity Moderate · liquidity High

Capital preservation

I am 34 and I am describing my investment situation for an automated advisory service. I may use some of the funds to reduce debt if rates stay high. I have some family expenses, but also a modest emergency fund. I am considering a home down payment within the next two years. I get anxious during market declines. I would accept lower returns if that reduces the chance of a meaningful loss.

Open the AI advisor to try it

ILS-019 tolerance High · capacity High · liquidity Low

Growth

As a 60-year-old retail investor, I want the system to understand my situation before recommending a portfolio. I want to build wealth faster than I have so far. My emergency savings are already funded and this money is not needed for bills. I can leave the funds invested for a long period. I think recent gains prove I should take more risk now. I am asking for a recommendation, but I may be putting too much weight on recent market excitement.

Open the AI advisor to try it

ILS-020 tolerance Moderate · capacity High · liquidity Low

Growth

My situation is as follows: I am 68 and I want a portfolio recommendation based on my circumstances. My main goal is long-term wealth accumulation. My salary is stable, and I have no high-interest debt and a separate emergency fund. I will not need this account for everyday expenses. I can accept some ups and downs but not extreme losses, and I would prefer a recommendation that emphasizes long-term growth while still remaining diversified.

Open the AI advisor to try it

ILS-021 tolerance Inconsistent · capacity Moderate · liquidity Urgent

Human review

I am 55 and would like investment advice that reflects my goals and constraints. I have two goals at the same time: medical costs soon and long-term wealth growth later. This money may be needed for rent and family expenses very soon. I can save monthly, although I still have normal household commitments. I am willing to accept higher risk for higher expected return, but I am unsure whether one portfolio can serve both the short-term and long-term goals.

Open the AI advisor to try it

ILS-022 tolerance Moderate · capacity High · liquidity Low

Growth

As a 55-year-old retail investor, I want the system to understand my situation before recommending a portfolio. I am investing mainly for retirement more than fifteen years away. My income is predictable, and I have a strong cash buffer and no major short-term debts. I will not need this account for everyday expenses. I want growth but with a controlled level of volatility, and I would prefer a recommendation that emphasizes long-term growth while still remaining diversified.

Open the AI advisor to try it

ILS-023 tolerance Inconsistent · capacity High · liquidity Moderate

Conservative

I am 51 and I am describing my investment situation for an automated advisory service. My main goal is retirement. I have stable income, manageable debt, and cash reserves outside this account. I might need a portion of the funds for a home improvement project in a few years. During the last market decline I sold funds at a loss because I panicked. I say I want growth, but my past behavior makes me uncertain.

Open the AI advisor to try it

ILS-024 tolerance Inconsistent · capacity High · liquidity Moderate

Conservative

I am 55 and would like investment advice that reflects my goals and constraints. My main goal is saving for education expenses. I have stable income, manageable debt, and cash reserves outside this account. I want some flexibility in case a family expense appears within the next four years. During the last market decline I sold funds at a loss because I panicked. I say I want growth, but my past behavior makes me uncertain.

Open the AI advisor to try it

ILS-025 tolerance Inconsistent · capacity Low · liquidity Urgent

Human review

My situation is as follows: I am 31 and I want a portfolio recommendation based on my circumstances. My goal is to grow my savings quickly. My household depends mostly on one unstable income, and I want to keep access to the funds because a major expense is likely soon. I feel behind financially and want the portfolio to recover the gap as quickly as possible. At the same time, I cannot tolerate losing much of this money. I need advice because my desire for high return may not match my ability to absorb losses.

Open the AI advisor to try it